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  2. Centum and satem languages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages

    The claim that in late PIE times, the satem languages (unlike the centum languages) were in close contact with each other is confirmed by independent evidence: the geographical closeness of current satem languages and certain other shared innovations (the ruki sound law and early palatalization of velars before front vowels).

  3. Language family - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 6 January 2025. Group of languages related through a common ancestor 2005 map of the contemporary distribution of the world's primary language families A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term family is a ...

  4. Tree model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_model

    Cladistic representation of the Mayan linguistic family, going back 4000 years.(The numbers represent proposed historical dates in the Common Era).. In historical linguistics, the tree model (also Stammbaum, genetic, or cladistic model) is a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree, particularly a phylogenetic tree in the biological evolution of species.

  5. August Schleicher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Schleicher

    Schleicher helped popularize the tree model (also Stammbaum, genetic, or cladistic model) of historical linguistics, a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree diagram, particularly a phylogenetic tree of the biological evolution of species.

  6. Indo-European languages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages

    The Indo-European family is significant to the field of historical linguistics as it possesses the second-longest recorded history of any known family, after the Afroasiatic Egyptian language and Semitic languages. The analysis of the family relationships between the Indo-European languages, and the reconstruction of their common source, was ...

  7. List of languages by total number of speakers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total...

    This is a list of languages by total number of speakers. It is difficult to define what constitutes a language as opposed to a dialect . For example, Chinese and Arabic are sometimes considered single languages, but each includes several mutually unintelligible varieties , and so they are sometimes considered language families instead.

  8. Proto-Indo-European phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology

    The satem languages merged the labiovelars *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ with the plain velar series *k, *g, *gʰ, while the palatovelars *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ became sibilant fricatives or affricates of various types, depending on the individual language. In some phonological conditions, depalatalization occurred, yielding what appears to be a centum reflex ...

  9. List of Indo-European languages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../List_of_Indo-European_languages

    Contemporary Baltic languages are all from the same group: Eastern Baltic Baltic languages (extinct languages shown in stripes). Slavic languages in Europe . Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes. Russian Language – Map of all the areas where the Russian language is the language spoken by the majority of the population.