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The wall survived during much of the Byzantine period, even though it was replaced by the Theodosian Walls as the city's primary defense. An ambiguous passage refers to extensive damage to the city's "inner wall" from an earthquake on 25 September 478, which likely refers to the Constantinian wall.
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Toward the end of Manuel I Komnenos's reign, the number of foreigners in the city reached about 60,000–80,000 people out of a total population of about 400,000 people. [73] In 1171, Constantinople also contained a small community of 2,500 Jews. [74] In 1182, most Latin (Western European) inhabitants of Constantinople were massacred. [75]
Diocletianopolis city walls of 2.3 km total length were built in the early 4th century after the Gothic invasions. Walls of Constantinople, a great defensive wall that defended the metropolitan capital from the fourth century AD until 1453; Anastasian Wall, a wall named built in the late 5th century to ensure extra defenses for Constantinople ...
Air pollution in Turkey, such as fine dust from traffic, is a serious problem in Istanbul. [1] [2] Although the historic peninsula was partially pedestrianised in the early 21st century, [3] a 2015 study found that this is the part of the city which would benefit most from a low emission zone. [4]
The ancient part of the city (the historic peninsula) is still partially surrounded by the Walls of Constantinople, erected in the 5th century by Emperor Theodosius II to protect the city from invasion. The architecture inside the city proper contains buildings and structures which came from Byzantine, Genoese, Ottoman, and modern Turkish ...
In Europe the height of wall construction was reached under the Roman Empire, whose walls often reached 10 metres (33 ft) in height, the same as many Chinese city walls, but were only 1.5 to 2.5 metres (4 ft 11 in to 8 ft 2 in) thick. Rome's Servian Walls reached 3.6 and 4 metres (12 and 13 ft) in thickness and 6 to 10 metres (20 to 33 ft) in ...
The seventh hill, known in Byzantine times as the Xērolophos (Greek: ξηρόλοφος), or "dry hill," it extends from Aksaray to the Theodosian Walls and the Marmara. It is a broad hill with three summits producing a triangle with apices at Topkapı, Aksaray, and Yedikule. It was divided from the rest of the city by the Lycus creek.