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Renal ultrasonography (Renal US) is the examination of one or both kidneys using medical ultrasound. Ultrasonography of the kidneys is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney-related diseases. The kidneys are easily examined, and most pathological changes in the kidneys are distinguishable with ultrasound.
In humans, the kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped blood-filtering organs [1] that are a multilobar, multipapillary form of mammalian kidneys, usually without signs of external lobulation. [2][3] They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about 12 centimetres (41⁄2 inches) in length. [4 ...
The size of the renal pelvis plays a major role in the grading of hydronephrosis. Normally, the anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvis is less than 4 mm in fetuses up to 32 weeks of gestational age and 7 mm afterwards. [2] In adults, 13% of the normal population have a transverse pelvic diameter of over 10 mm. [3]
A major measure of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The glomerular filtration rate is the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney. The creatinine clearance rate (CCr or CrCl) is the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time and is a useful measure for approximating the GFR.
The severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is described by six stages; the most severe three are defined by the MDRD-eGFR value, and first three also depend on whether there is other evidence of kidney disease (e.g., proteinuria): 0) Normal kidney function – GFR above 90 (mL/min)/(1.73 m 2) and no proteinuria
Mammalian kidney. Unipapillary, multilobar, smooth, bean-shaped camel kidney, in which the renal papillae are completely fused into the renal crest. [1] The mammalian kidneys are a pair of excretory organs of the urinary system of mammals, [2] being functioning kidneys in postnatal-to-adult individuals [3] (i. e. metanephric kidneys). [2]
The ureters are 1.5–6 mm (0.06–0.24 in) in diameter [1] and surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle for 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) near their ends just before they enter the bladder. [ 2 ] The ureters enter the bladder from its back surface, traveling 1.5–2 cm (0.6–0.8 in) before opening into the bladder at an angle on its outer back ...
It is currently used in the treatment of uncomplicated stones located in the kidney and upper ureter, provided the aggregate stone burden (stone size and number) is less than 20 mm (0.8 in) and the anatomy of the involved kidney is normal. [107] [108]