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Three main camouflage methods predominate in the oceans: transparency, [5] reflection, and counterillumination. [6] [1] Transparency and reflectivity are most important in the top 100 metres of the ocean; counterillumination is the main method from 100 metres down to 1000 metres; while camouflage becomes less important in the dark waters below 1000 metres. [6]
In the sea, counter-illumination is one of three dominant methods of underwater camouflage, the other two being transparency and silvering. [1] Among marine animals, especially crustaceans , cephalopods , and fish , counter-illumination camouflage occurs where bioluminescent light from photophores on an organism 's ventral surface is matched to ...
Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, ... In the open ocean, where there is no background, ...
A new light system developed by Australian scientists to mimic ocean camouflage may deter Great White Shark attacks, a new study says. Marine predators like sharks locate prey by looking for ...
For example, countershading is very common among land animals, but not for military camouflage. The dominant camouflage methods on land are countershading and disruptive coloration, supported by less frequent usage of many other methods. [4] The dominant camouflage methods in the open ocean are transparency, [5] reflection, and ...
HMT Aquitania wearing dazzle camouflage. Patterned ship camouflage was pioneered in Britain. Early in the First World War, the zoologist John Graham Kerr advised Winston Churchill to use disruptive camouflage to break up ships' outlines, and countershading to make them appear less solid, [14] following the American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer's beliefs.
Active camouflage is used in several groups of animals, including reptiles on land, and cephalopod molluscs and flatfish in the sea. Animals achieve active camouflage both by color change and (among marine animals such as squid) by counter-illumination, with the use of bioluminescence.
Thayer's 1902 patent application. He failed to convince the US Navy. The English zoologist Edward Bagnall Poulton, author of The Colours of Animals (1890) discovered the countershading of various insects, including the pupa or chrysalis of the purple emperor butterfly, Apatura iris, [2] the caterpillar larvae of the brimstone moth, Opisthograptis luteolata [a] and of the peppered moth, Biston ...