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Alchemy (from the Arabic word al-kīmīā, الكیمیاء) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practised in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe. [1] In its Western form, alchemy is first attested in a number of pseudepigraphical texts written in Greco-Roman ...
An alchemist is a person versed in the art of alchemy. Western alchemy flourished in Greco-Roman Egypt, the Islamic world during the Middle Ages, and then in Europe from the 13th to the 18th centuries. Indian alchemists and Chinese alchemists made contributions to Eastern varieties of the art. Alchemy is still practiced today by a few, and ...
The seven metals known since Classical times in Europe were associated with the seven classical planets; this figured heavily in alchemical symbolism. The exact correlation varied over time, and in early centuries bronze or electrum were sometimes found instead of mercury, or copper for Mars instead of iron; however, gold, silver, and lead had ...
Tara E. Nummedal is a professor of history and Italian studies at Brown University, where she holds the John Nickoll Provost’s Professorship in History. [1] Nummedal is known for her works on Anna Maria Zieglerin and the history of alchemy and natural science in early modern Europe. [2] [3]
Having its roots in alchemy, iatrochemistry sought to provide chemical solutions to diseases and medical ailments. [ 1 ] This area of science fell out of use in Europe since the rise of modern establishment medicine.
It was the protoscientific, exoteric aspects of alchemy that contributed heavily to the evolution of chemistry in Greco-Roman Egypt, in the Islamic Golden Age, and then in Europe. Alchemy and chemistry share an interest in the composition and properties of matter, and until the 18th century they were not separate disciplines.
Johann Friedrich Böttger (also Böttcher or Böttiger; 4 February 1682 – 13 March 1719) was a German alchemist.Böttger was born in Schleiz and died in Dresden.He is normally credited with being the first European to discover the secret of the creation of hard-paste porcelain in 1708, [1] but it has also been claimed that English manufacturers [2] or Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus [3 ...
Book on the Composition of Alchemy (Liber de compositione alchemiae): translated in 1144, this was the first book on alchemy to become available in Europe [1] Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing (Liber algebrae et almucabola): al-Khwārizmī's book about algebra, translated in 1145 [2]