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The spectrum of ice is similar to that of liquid water, with peak maxima at 3400 cm −1 (2.941 μm), 3220 cm −1 (3.105 μm) and 1620 cm −1 (6.17 μm) [14] In both liquid water and ice clusters, low-frequency vibrations occur, which involve the stretching (TS) or bending (TB) of intermolecular hydrogen bonds (O–H•••O).
In dielectric spectroscopy, large frequency dependent contributions to the dielectric response, especially at low frequencies, may come from build-ups of charge.This Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization (or often just Maxwell–Wagner polarization), occurs either at inner dielectric boundary layers on a mesoscopic scale, or at the external electrode-sample interface on a macroscopic scale.
Specific energy absorption rate (SAR) averaged over the whole body or over parts of the body, is defined as the rate at which energy is absorbed per unit mass of body tissue and is expressed in watts per kilogram (W/kg). Whole body SAR is a widely accepted measure for relating adverse thermal effects to RF exposure. [9]
Water with its permanent dipole is less likely to change shape due to an external electric field. Alkanes are the most polarizable molecules. [ 9 ] Although alkenes and arenes are expected to have larger polarizability than alkanes because of their higher reactivity compared to alkanes, alkanes are in fact more polarizable. [ 9 ]
Electron-refractive effect or EIPM; In December 2015, two further electro-optic effects of type (b) were theoretically predicted to exist [1] but have not, as yet, been experimentally observed. Changes in absorption can have a strong effect on refractive index for wavelengths near the absorption edge, due to the Kramers–Kronig relation.
Atomic polarization is observed when the nucleus of the atom reorients in response to the electric field. This is a resonant process. Atomic polarization is intrinsic to the nature of the atom and is a consequence of an applied field. Electronic polarization refers to the electron density and is a consequence of an applied field.
With the addition of a Brewster window (left), this change in polarization can be converted to a change in the intensity of the beam, by transmitting only the p-polarized vector component. In optics , the Pockels effect , or Pockels electro-optic effect , is a directionally-dependent linear variation in the refractive index of an optical medium ...
A polariton is the result of the combination of a photon with a polar excitation in a material. The following are types of polaritons: Phonon polaritons result from coupling of an infrared photon with an optical phonon; Exciton polaritons result from coupling of visible light with an exciton [12]