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Apache Spark has its architectural foundation in the resilient distributed dataset (RDD), a read-only multiset of data items distributed over a cluster of machines, that is maintained in a fault-tolerant way. [2] The Dataframe API was released as an abstraction on top of the RDD, followed by the Dataset API.
Tabular data is two dimensional — data is modeled as rows and columns. However, computer systems represent data in a linear memory model, both in-disk and in-memory. [7] [8] [9] Therefore, a table in a linear memory model requires mapping its two-dimensional scheme into a one-dimensional space. Data orientation is to the decision taken in ...
The use of different model parameters and different corpus sizes can greatly affect the quality of a word2vec model. Accuracy can be improved in a number of ways, including the choice of model architecture (CBOW or Skip-Gram), increasing the training data set, increasing the number of vector dimensions, and increasing the window size of words ...
A list containing a single element is, by definition, sorted. Repeatedly merge sublists to create a new sorted sublist until the single list contains all elements. The single list is the sorted list. The merge algorithm is used repeatedly in the merge sort algorithm. An example merge sort is given in the illustration. It starts with an unsorted ...
In computer science and statistics, the Jaro–Winkler similarity is a string metric measuring an edit distance between two sequences. It is a variant of the Jaro distance metric [1] (1989, Matthew A. Jaro) proposed in 1990 by William E. Winkler.
Kernel density estimation of 100 normally distributed random numbers using different smoothing bandwidths.. In statistics, kernel density estimation (KDE) is the application of kernel smoothing for probability density estimation, i.e., a non-parametric method to estimate the probability density function of a random variable based on kernels as weights.
A spark plug.The spark gap is at the bottom. A spark plug uses a spark gap to initiate combustion.The heat of the ionization trail, but more importantly, UV radiation and hot free electrons (both cause the formation of reactive free radicals) [citation needed] ignite a fuel-air mixture inside an internal combustion engine, or a burner in a furnace, oven, or stove.
E. F. Codd mentioned nulls as a method of representing missing data in the relational model in a 1975 paper in the FDT Bulletin of ACM-SIGMOD.Codd's paper that is most commonly cited with the semantics of Null (as adopted in SQL) is his 1979 paper in the ACM Transactions on Database Systems, in which he also introduced his Relational Model/Tasmania, although much of the other proposals from ...