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In 1990, it was found in Petunia that introduced genes can silence similar genes of the plant's own, now known to be a result of RNA interference. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] At about the same time, 22 nt long RNAs, now called microRNAs , were found to have a role in the development of C. elegans . [ 82 ]
Process in which RNA inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules lincRNA: long intergenic non-coding RNA - lncRNA: long non coding RNA - miRNA: micro RNA multiple families: mrpRNA mitochondrial RNA processing ribonuclease - synonym of RNase MRP: nat-siRNA natural antisense short interfering RNA - synonym of ...
Non-laminar blood flow also correlates with development of atherosclerosis as mechanosenors of endothelial cells respond to the shear force of disturbed flow (d-flow). [195] A number of pro-atherogenic genes including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are upregulated by d-flow, [195] mediating pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic signals. These ...
RNA leader sequences are found upstream of the first gene of amino acid biosynthetic operons. These RNA elements form one of two possible structures in regions encoding very short peptide sequences that are rich in the end product amino acid of the operon. A terminator structure forms when there is an excess of the regulatory amino acid and ...
All living cells contain both DNA and RNA (except some cells such as mature red blood cells), while viruses contain either DNA or RNA, but usually not both. [15] The basic component of biological nucleic acids is the nucleotide, each of which contains a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nucleobase. [16]
Extracellular RNA (exRNA) describes RNA species present outside of the cells in which they were transcribed. Carried within extracellular vesicles, lipoproteins, and protein complexes, exRNAs are protected from ubiquitous RNA-degrading enzymes. exRNAs may be found in the environment or, in multicellular organisms, within the tissues or biological fluids such as venous blood, saliva, breast ...
Ribosomal RNA is the predominant form of RNA found in most cells; it makes up about 80% of cellular RNA despite never being translated into proteins itself. Ribosomes are composed of approximately 60% rRNA and 40% ribosomal proteins, though this ratio differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes .
Cytoplasmic tRNA genes can be grouped into 49 families according to their anticodon features. These genes are found on all chromosomes, except the 22 and Y chromosome. High clustering on 6p is observed (140 tRNA genes), as well as on chromosome 1. [33]