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Chrematistics for Aristotle, was the accumulation of money for its own sake, especially by usury, an unnatural activity that dehumanizes those who practice it. Economics for Aristotle is the natural use of money as a medium of exchange.
A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400829330. Rothbard, Murray N. (2002). A History of Money and Banking in the United States. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 978-0945466338. Barrett, Don C. (1931). The Greenback and Resumption of Specie Payments, 1862–1879. Cambridge ...
Many other presidents have followed Jefferson's example. From time to time, they refused to spend funds when they felt that Congress had appropriated more funds than was necessary. [citation needed] However, the impoundment power had limits. For example, in 1972, Richard Nixon attempted to impound funds on an environmental project which he opposed.
Instruments of monetary policy have included short-term interest rates and bank reserves through the monetary base. [1]With the creation of the Bank of England in 1694, which acquired the responsibility to print notes and back them with gold, the idea of monetary policy as independent of executive action began to be established. [2]
The United Kingdom slipped into a gold specie standard in 1717 by over-valuing gold at 15 + 1 ⁄ 5 times its weight in silver. It was unique among nations to use gold in conjunction with clipped, underweight silver shillings, addressed only before the end of the 18th century by the acceptance of gold proxies like token silver coins and banknotes.
When the United States Federal Reserve was formed in 1913, one of its purposes was to promote a domestic banker's acceptance market to rival London's to boost US trade and enhance the competitive position of US banks. National banks were authorized to accept time drafts, and the Federal Reserve was authorized to purchase certain eligible banker ...
The currency of the American colonies, 1700–1764: a study in colonial finance and imperial relations. Dissertations in American economic history. New York: Arno Press, 1975. ISBN 0-405-07257-0. Ernst, Joseph Albert. Money and politics in America, 1755–1775: a study in the Currency act of 1764 and the political economy of revolution. Chapel ...
The Refunding Certificate was a type of interest-bearing banknote that the United States Treasury issued in 1879. They issued it only in the $10 denomination, depicting Benjamin Franklin. Their issuance reflects the end of a coin-hoarding period that began during the American Civil War, and represented a return to public confidence in paper money.