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For alkaline buffers, a strong base such as sodium hydroxide may be added. Alternatively, a buffer mixture can be made from a mixture of an acid and its conjugate base. For example, an acetate buffer can be made from a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Similarly, an alkaline buffer can be made from a mixture of the base and its ...
McIlvaine buffer is a buffer solution composed of citric acid and disodium hydrogen phosphate, also known as citrate-phosphate buffer.It was introduced in 1921 by the United States agronomist Theodore Clinton McIlvaine (1875–1959) from West Virginia University, and it can be prepared in pH 2.2 to 8 by mixing two stock solutions.
MOPS (3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid) is a buffer introduced in the 1960s, one of the twenty Good's buffers. It is a structural analog to MES, [1] and like MES, its structure contains a morpholine ring. HEPES is a similar pH buffering compound that contains a piperazine ring.
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a buffer solution (pH ~ 7.4) commonly used in biological research. It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and, in some formulations, potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH.
Universal buffers consist of mixtures of acids of diminishing strength (increasing pK a), so that the change in pH is approximately proportional to the amount of alkali added. It consists of a mixture of 0.04 M boric acid , 0.04 M phosphoric acid and 0.04 M acetic acid that has been titrated to the desired pH with 0.2 M sodium hydroxide .
TAE buffer is commonly prepared as a 50× stock solution for laboratory use. A 50× stock solution can be prepared by dissolving 242 g Tris base in water, adding 57.1 ml glacial acetic acid, and 100 ml of 500 mM EDTA (pH 8.0) solution, and bringing the final volume up to 1 litre.
Therefore, a buffer solution may be added to the titration chamber to maintain the pH. [ 20 ] In instances where two reactants in a sample may react with the titrant and only one is the desired analyte, a separate masking solution may be added to the reaction chamber which eliminates the effect of the unwanted ion.
Good's buffers (also Good buffers) are twenty buffering agents for biochemical and biological research selected and described by Norman Good and colleagues during 1966–1980. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Most of the buffers were new zwitterionic compounds prepared and tested by Good and coworkers for the first time, though some ( MES , ADA , BES , Bicine ...