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Thus, a magnitude zero microearthquake has a seismic moment of approximately 1.1 × 10 9 N⋅m, while the Great Chilean earthquake of 1960, with an estimated moment magnitude of 9.4–9.6, had a seismic moment between 1.4 × 10 23 N⋅m and 2.8 × 10 23 N⋅m. Seismic moment magnitude (M wg or Das Magnitude Scale ) and moment magnitude (M w) scales
The original "body-wave magnitude" – mB or m B (uppercase "B") – was developed by Gutenberg 1945c and Gutenberg & Richter 1956 [25] to overcome the distance and magnitude limitations of the M L scale inherent in the use of surface waves. mB is based on the P and S waves, measured over a longer period, and does not saturate until around M 8.
The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
Seismic moment is the basis of the moment magnitude scale introduced by Caltech's Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori, which is often used to compare the size of different earthquakes and is especially useful for comparing the sizes of large (great) earthquakes. The seismic moment is not restricted to earthquakes.
The Kelly Kiloton Index (KKI) was invented by H. A. Kelly of University of California, Los Angeles in 2006 as an alternative to the logarithmic Richter scale (which dates to 1935). Its unit of measurement is the metric kiloton of TNT , which yields a practical measurement of the seismic movement of force which is more understandable by the lay ...
Magnitude scales measure the inherent force or strength of an earthquake – an event occurring at greater or lesser depth. (The "M w" scale is widely used.) The MM scale measures intensity of shaking, at any particular location, on the surface. It was developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902.
K is nominally the logarithm of seismic energy (in Joules) radiated by an earthquake, as expressed in the formula K = log E S. [2] Values of K in the range of 12 to 15 correspond approximately to the range of 4.5 to 6 in other magnitude scales; [3] a magnitude M w 6.0 quake will register between 13 and 14.5 on various K-class scales. [4]
In two most recent investigations using statistically stable samples for Italian earthquakes (approximately 100,000 events over the period 1981–2002 in the Richter local [M L ] magnitude range of 3.5–5.8) [5] and for Indian earthquakes exemplified by an aftershock sequence of 121 events with M s (surface wave magnitude) > 4.0 in 2001 in the Bhuj area of northwestern India, [4] the latest ...