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  2. Longitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude

    Length of one degree (black), minute (blue) and second (red) of latitude and longitude in metric (upper half) and imperial units (lower half) at a given latitude (vertical axis) in WGS84. For example, the green arrows show that Donetsk (green circle) at 48°N has a Δ long of 74.63 km/° (1.244 km/min, 20.73 m/sec etc) and a Δ lat of 111.2 km ...

  3. Minute and second of arc - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc

    Since one degree is ⁠ 1 / 360 ⁠ of a turn, or complete rotation, one arcminute is ⁠ 1 / 21 600 ⁠ of a turn. The nautical mile (nmi) was originally defined as the arc length of a minute of latitude on a spherical Earth, so the actual Earth's circumference is very near 21 600 nmi. A minute of arc is ⁠ π / 10 800 ⁠ of a radian.

  4. United States customary units - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_customary_units

    Several U.S. technical standards are expressed in Fahrenheit temperatures, and some American medical practitioners use degrees Fahrenheit for body temperature. The relationship between the different temperature scales is linear but the scales have different zero points, so conversion is not simply multiplication by a factor.

  5. Meridian arc - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_arc

    where tan β = (1 − f)tan φ and e′ 2 = ⁠ e 2 / 1 − e 2 ⁠. Even though latitude is normally confined to the range [− ⁠ π / 2 ⁠, ⁠ π / 2 ⁠], all the formulae given here apply to measuring distance around the complete meridian ellipse (including the anti-meridian). Thus the ranges of φ, β, and the rectifying latitude μ ...

  6. Artificial intelligence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence

    Illustration of gradient descent for 3 different starting points; two parameters (represented by the plan coordinates) are adjusted in order to minimize the loss function (the height) Local search uses mathematical optimization to find a solution to a problem.

  7. Terrace on the Park - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_on_the_Park

    Terrace on the Park is a banquet hall at 52-11 111th Street, within Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, in the Corona neighborhood of Queens in New York City, New York, U.S.The building was constructed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey as the Port Authority Pavilion, an exhibition building and heliport for the 1964 New York World's Fair.

  8. PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF

    An index table, also called the cross-reference table, is located near the end of the file and gives the byte offset of each indirect object from the start of the file. [25] This design allows for efficient random access to the objects in the file, and also allows for small changes to be made without rewriting the entire file (incremental update).