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Alchemy (from the Arabic word al-kīmīā, الكیمیاء) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practised in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe. [1]
In Islamic alchemy, takwin (Arabic: تكوين) was a goal of certain Muslim alchemists, and is frequently found in writings of the Jabirian corpus. In the alchemical context, takwin refers to the artificial creation of life, spanning the full range of the chain of being , from minerals to prophets, imitating the function of the demiurge .
The word 'alchemy' itself derives from the Arabic word al-kīmiyāʾ (الكيمياء), wherein al-is the definite article 'the'. The ultimate origin of the word is uncertain, [ 1 ] but the Arabic term kīmiyāʾ ( كيمياء ) is likely derived from either the Ancient Greek word khēmeia ( χημεία ) or the similar khēmia ( χημία ).
For Carl Jung, "the rediscovery of the principles of alchemy came to be an important part of my work as a pioneer of psychology". [3] As a student of alchemy, he (and his followers) "compared the 'black work' of the alchemists (the nigredo) with the often highly critical involvement experienced by the ego, until it accepts the new equilibrium brought about by the creation of the self."
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The three phases of the magnum opus: nigredo, albedo and rubedo. (from Pretiosissimum Donum Dei, published by Georges Aurach in 1475). Rubedo is a Latin word meaning "redness" that was adopted by alchemists to define the fourth and final major stage in their magnum opus. [1]
In Renaissance alchemy, alkahest was the theorized "universal solvent". [ nb 1 ] It was supposed to be capable of dissolving any composite substance, including gold (then not considered an element), without altering or destroying its fundamental components. [ 1 ]
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