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C corresponds to the electronic charge of the species relative to the site that it occupies. The charge of the species is calculated by the charge on the current site minus the charge on the original site. To continue the previous example, Ni often has the same valency as Cu, so the relative charge is zero. To indicate a null charge, × is used
Naturally occurring vanadium is composed of one stable isotope, 51 V, and one radioactive isotope, 50 V. The latter has a half-life of 2.71×10 17 years and a natural abundance of 0.25%. 51 V has a nuclear spin of 7 ⁄ 2 , which is useful for NMR spectroscopy . [ 25 ]
Feynman diagram of electron–positron pair production. One must calculate multiple diagrams to get the net cross section. The exact analytic form for the cross section of pair production must be calculated through quantum electrodynamics in the form of Feynman diagrams and results in a complicated function. To simplify, the cross section can ...
Vanadium compounds are compounds formed by the element vanadium (V). The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2–5, whereas the chemistry of the other group 5 elements , niobium and tantalum , are somewhat more limited to the +5 oxidation state. [ 1 ]
Organovanadium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon (C) to vanadium (V) chemical bond. [1] Organovanadium compounds find only minor use as reagents in organic synthesis but are significant for polymer chemistry as catalysts. [2] Oxidation states for vanadium are +2, +3, +4 and +5.
The cross product with respect to a right-handed coordinate system. In mathematics, the cross product or vector product (occasionally directed area product, to emphasize its geometric significance) is a binary operation on two vectors in a three-dimensional oriented Euclidean vector space (named here ), and is denoted by the symbol .
In chemistry, ion association is a chemical reaction whereby ions of opposite electric charge come together in solution to form a distinct chemical entity. [1] [2] Ion associates are classified, according to the number of ions that associate with each other, as ion pairs, ion triplets, etc. Ion pairs are also classified according to the nature of the interaction as contact, solvent-shared or ...
These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol −1.This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions.