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Cholinergic neurons throughout the GPs project to all areas of the heart, [2] The GP are embedded in the epicardial fat pads, consisting of only a few neurons or as many as 400 neurons. [1] Post ganglionic neurons from the vagal nerve pathways are components of the Ligament of Marshall, forming part of the "intrinsic" heart nervous system. [3]
They conduct cardiac action potentials more quickly and efficiently than any of the other cells in the heart's electrical conduction system. [4] Purkinje fibers allow the heart's conduction system to create synchronized contractions of its ventricles, and are essential for maintaining healthy and consistent heart rhythm. [5]
A slow heart rate of 60 or less beats per minute is defined as bradycardia. A fast heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute is defined as tachycardia. An arrhythmia is defined as one that is not physiological such as the lowered heart rate that a trained athlete may naturally have developed; the resting heart rates may be less than 60 bpm.
The bundle of His (BH) [1]: 58 or His bundle (HB) [1]: 232 (/ h ɪ s / "hiss" [2]) is a collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction.As part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, it transmits the electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node (located between the atria and the ventricles) to the point of the apex of the fascicular branches via the ...
Bachmann's bundle receives its blood supply from the sinoatrial nodal artery (right, left or both). [4]Besides Bachmann's bundle, the other three conduction tracts that constitute the atrial conduction system are known as the anterior, middle, and posterior tracts, which run from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node, converging in the region near the coronary sinus.
Cardiac arrhythmias can cause heart block, in which the contractions lose their rhythm. In humans, and sometimes in other animals, a mechanical device called an artificial pacemaker (or simply "pacemaker") may be used after damage to the body's intrinsic conduction system to produce these impulses synthetically.
Isolated heart conduction system showing atrioventricular node. The AV node receives two inputs from the right atrium: posteriorly, via the crista terminalis, and anteriorly, via the interatrial septum. [8] Contraction of heart muscle cells requires depolarization and repolarization of their cell membranes. Movement of ions across cell ...
The heart is a muscular organ situated in the mediastinum.It consists of four chambers, four valves, two main arteries (the coronary arteries), and the conduction system. The left and right sides of the heart have different functions: the right side receives de-oxygenated blood through the superior and inferior venae cavae and pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, and the left ...