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A new study has suggested that damage to the upper gastrointestinal tract from conditions such as reflux, peptic ulcers, and prolonged use of NSAIDS may increase Parkinson’s risk by 76%.
NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding in patients with Dengue fever [108] For this reason, NSAIDs are only available with a prescription in India. [109] In very rare cases, ibuprofen can cause aseptic meningitis. [110] As with other drugs, allergies to NSAIDs might exist. While many allergies are specific to one NSAID, up to 1 in 5 people ...
Long-term use of NSAIDs can cause gastric erosions, which can become stomach ulcers and in extreme cases can cause severe haemorrhage, resulting in death. The risk of death as a result of GI bleeding caused by the use of NSAIDs is 1 in 12,000 for adults aged 16–45. [5] The risk increases almost twentyfold for those over 75. [5]
Other causes include Mallory-Weiss tears, cancer, and angiodysplasia. [2] A number of medications are found to cause upper GI bleeds. [16] NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitors increase the risk about fourfold. [16] SSRIs, corticosteroids, and anticoagulants may also increase the risk. [16] The risk with dabigatran is 30% greater than that with warfarin. [17]
As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen has been reported to be a photosensitizing agent, [38] but it is considered a weak photosensitizing agent compared to other members of the 2-arylpropionic acid class. Like other NSAIDs, ibuprofen is an extremely rare cause of the autoimmune diseases Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Peptic ulcers caused by NSAIDs differ from those caused by H. pylori as the latter's appear as a consequence of inflammation of the mucosa (presence of neutrophil and submucosal edema), the former instead as a consequence of a direct damage of the NSAID molecule against COX enzymes, altering the hydrophobic state of the mucus, the permeability ...
Meloxicam use can result in gastrointestinal toxicity and bleeding, headaches, rash, and very dark or black stool (a sign of intestinal bleeding). It has fewer gastrointestinal side effects than diclofenac , [ 17 ] piroxicam , [ 18 ] naproxen , [ 19 ] and perhaps all other NSAIDs which are not COX-2 selective.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and naproxen, can cause flares of inflammatory bowel disease in approximately 25% of patients. [46] These flares tend to occur within one week after starting regular use of the NSAID. In contrast, acetaminophen (paracetamol) and aspirin appear to be safe. [46]