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Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) or opioid-induced abnormal pain sensitivity, also called paradoxical hyperalgesia, is an uncommon condition of generalized pain caused by the long-term use of high dosages of opioids [1] such as morphine, [2] oxycodone, [3] and methadone. [4] [5] OIH is not necessarily confined to the original affected site. [6]
Globally, the number of people with opioid dependence increased from 10.4 million in 1990 to 15.5 million in 2010. [7] In 2016, the numbers rose to 27 million people who experienced this disorder. [189] Opioid use disorders resulted in 122,000 deaths worldwide in 2015, [190] up from 18,000 deaths in 1990. [191]
Long-term use has been linked to personality changes such as depression, paranoia, anxiety which can be related to psychological disorders. It is often reported that substance use coincides with personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder. It has also now been linked to severe brain damage leading to an inability to control ...
In the DSM-5, the term drug addiction is synonymous with severe substance use disorder. [ 34 ] [ 39 ] The quantity of criteria met offer a rough gauge on the severity of illness, but licensed professionals will also take into account a more holistic view when assessing severity which includes specific consequences and behavioral patterns ...
After six years, people who used opiates had little change in psychiatric symptomatology; five of the people who used stimulants developed psychosis, and eight of the people who used benzodiazepine developed depression. Therefore, long-term benzodiazepine use and dependence seems to carry a negative effect on mental health, with a significant ...
Benzodiazepine use disorder (BUD), also called misuse or abuse, [1] is the use of benzodiazepines without a prescription and/or for recreational purposes, which poses risks of dependence, withdrawal and other long-term effects. [2] [3] Benzodiazepines are one of the more common prescription drugs used recreationally.
Higher doses of prescription opioids, as well as long-acting formulations, are associated with an increased risk of overdose. [24] In those on long-term opioid treatment for chronic pain, daily morphine equivalents greater than 200 mg were associated with death from opioid related causes (including overdose) in 3.8% of men and 2.2% of women. [24]
Based on animal studies, regular binge drinking in the long-term is thought to be more likely to result in brain damage than chronic (daily) alcoholism. This is due to the 4- to 5-fold increase in glutamate release in nucleus accumbens during the acute withdrawal state between binges, but only in dose 3 g/kg, in 2 g/kg— there is no increase ...