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In 2016, the American Statistical Association (ASA) published a statement on p-values, saying that "the widespread use of 'statistical significance' (generally interpreted as 'p ≤ 0.05') as a license for making a claim of a scientific finding (or implied truth) leads to considerable distortion of the scientific process". [57]
In null-hypothesis significance testing, the p-value [note 1] is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct. [2] [3] A very small p-value means that such an extreme observed outcome would be very unlikely under the null hypothesis.
The false positive rate is calculated as the ratio between the number of negative events wrongly categorized as positive (false positives) and the total number of actual negative events (regardless of classification). The false positive rate (or "false alarm rate") usually refers to the expectancy of the false positive ratio.
Yosef Hochberg's step-up procedure (1988) is performed using the following steps: [7]. Start by ordering the p-values (from lowest to highest) () … and let the associated hypotheses be …
The distinction between one-tailed and two-tailed tests was popularized by Ronald Fisher in the influential book Statistical Methods for Research Workers, [7] where he applied it especially to the normal distribution, which is a symmetric distribution with two equal tails. The normal distribution is a common measure of location, rather than ...
Second, the improved pre-tax income, combined with the significant reduction in nondeductible stock-based comp, will have implications on our effective tax rate, which we estimate will be closer ...
From the t-test, the difference between the group means is 6-2=4. From the regression, the slope is also 4 indicating that a 1-unit change in drug dose (from 0 to 1) gives a 4-unit change in mean word recall (from 2 to 6). The t-test p-value for the difference in means, and the regression p-value for the slope, are both 0.00805. The methods ...
Fisher's test gives exact p-values, but some authors have argued that it is conservative, i.e. that its actual rejection rate is below the nominal significance level. [ 4 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The apparent contradiction stems from the combination of a discrete statistic with fixed significance levels.