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The major efforts in translation of Western law that continued until the 1920s prepared the building blocks for modern Chinese legal language and Chinese law. [11] Legal translation was very important from 1896 to 1936 during which period the Chinese absorbed and codified their version of Western laws.
Chinese translation theory was born out of contact with vassal states during the Zhou dynasty.It developed through translations of Buddhist scripture into Chinese.It is a response to the universals of the experience of translation and to the specifics of the experience of translating from specific source languages into Chinese.
In employing this strategy, individuals translate their Chinese name into Indonesian, Indonesian regional languages, or common non-native names in Indonesia, such as those with Arabic or Sanskrit influence. For example, Sofjan Wanandi translated his surname Liem (林), which meant "forest", to the old Javanese word "wana".
Modern Han Chinese consists of about 412 syllables [1] in 5 tones, so homophones abound and most non-Han words have multiple possible transcriptions. This is particularly true since Chinese is written as monosyllabic logograms, and consonant clusters foreign to Chinese must be broken into their constituent sounds (or omitted), despite being thought of as a single unit in their original language.
Javanese writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer later criticized the policies in his 1961 book Hoakiau di Indonesia. An integrationist movement, led by the Chinese-Indonesian organisation Baperki ( Badan Permusjawaratan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia ), began to gather interest in 1963, including that of President Sukarno .
Affiliated with the Central Compilation & Translation Bureau, the Central Compilation & Translation Press was established in 1993 to translate and publish works of scholarly works on politics, economics, philosophy and culture in the word. The CCTP emphasized Marxism and their goal was to “be a cultural bridge between the east and west.” [6]
Hucker's system has, in the main, not been adopted by the scholarly community. Its strengths are that it was created with a goal of systematisation and universality, and built upon sound principles of translation: that the rendering should ideally convey both the sense of the responsibilities of the office and the literal Chinese meaning, that it should avoid too-familiar Western analogues ...
Legal and Foreign Cooperation Bureau (Biro Hukum dan Hubungan Luar Negeri). Deputy Attorney General on Intelligence (Jaksa Agung Muda Bidang Intelijen), which oversee intelligence of investigations, security, promotion to prevent and repress crime, travel bans, and public peace and order. The office is assisted by several subordinate units: