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2. Zermelo's theorem (game theory) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo's_theorem_(game...

   When applied to chess, Zermelo's theorem states "either White can force a win, or Black can force a win, or both sides can force at least a draw". [2][3] Zermelo's algorithm is a cornerstone algorithm in game-theory; however, it can also be applied in areas outside of finite games. Apart from chess, Zermelo's theorem is applied across all areas ...

3. Pigeonhole principle - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhole_principle

   A probabilistic generalization of the pigeonhole principle states that if n pigeons are randomly put into m pigeonholes with uniform probability 1/m, then at least one pigeonhole will hold more than one pigeon with probability. where (m)n is the falling factorial m(m − 1) (m − 2)... (m − n + 1). For n = 0 and for n = 1 (and m > 0), that ...

4. Josephus problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_problem

   In computer scienceand mathematics, the Josephus problem(or Josephus permutation) is a theoretical problem related to a certain counting-out game. Such games are used to pick out a person from a group, e.g. eeny, meeny, miny, moe. A drawing for the Josephus problem sequence for 500 people and skipping value of 6.

5. Trachtenberg system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachtenberg_system

   Trachtenberg system. The Trachtenberg system is a system of rapid mental calculation. The system consists of a number of readily memorized operations that allow one to perform arithmetic computations very quickly. It was developed by the Russian engineer Jakow Trachtenberg in order to keep his mind occupied while being in a Nazi concentration camp.

6. Algorithm - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm

   Flowchart of using successive subtractions to find the greatest common divisor of number r and s. In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (/ ˈælɡərɪðəm / ⓘ) is a finite sequence of mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. [ 1 ]

7. Iteration - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteration

   Iteration. Iteration is the repetition of a process in order to generate a (possibly unbounded) sequence of outcomes. Each repetition of the process is a single iteration, and the outcome of each iteration is then the starting point of the next iteration. In mathematics and computer science, iteration (along with the related technique of ...