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Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males. [3] In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the canonical (left), backdoor (middle), and 11-oxy backdoor (right) pathways of androgen biosynthesis. The androgen backdoor pathway is responsible for the synthesis of physiologically relevant androgens. This process starts with 21-carbon (C
English: *Enzymes, their cellular location, substrates and products in human steroidogenesis. Shown also is the major classes of steroid hormones: progestagens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens.
The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor [9] that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, [10] in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus.
Testosterone can be taken by a variety of different routes of administration. [2] [3] These include oral, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, transdermal (gels, creams, patches, solutions), vaginal (creams, gels, suppositories), rectal (suppositories), by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection (in oil solutions or aqueous suspensions), and as a subcutaneous implant.
Research on women and testosterone has been limited, but as more is done, experts are seeing that the hormone affects the female sex drive, just as it does the male. It also plays an essential ...
The anterior portion of the pituitary gland produces luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and the gonads produce estrogen and testosterone. In oviparous organisms (e.g. fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds), the HPG axis is commonly referred to as the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal-liver axis (HPGL-axis) in females.
Androstenediol (A5) is a steroid metabolite of DHEA and the precursor to sex hormones testosterone and estradiol. Androsterone is a chemical byproduct created during the breakdown of androgens, or derived from progesterone , that also exerts minor masculinising effects, but with one-seventh the intensity of testosterone.