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The digraphs ph, th, and ch represented the aspirated plosives /pʰ/, /tʰ/ and /kʰ/. They began to be used in writing around 150 BC, [31] primarily as a transcription of Greek phi Φ, theta Θ, and chi Χ, as in Philippus, cithara, and achāia.
French digraphs and trigraphs have both historical and phonological origins. In the first case, it is a vestige of the spelling in the word's original language (usually Latin or Greek) maintained in modern French, e.g. the use of ph in téléphone, th in théorème, or ch in chaotique.
In Welsh, the digraph ll fused for a time into a ligature.. A digraph (from Ancient Greek δίς (dís) 'double' and γράφω (gráphō) 'to write') or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.
The pH scale is by far the most commonly used acidity function, and is ideal for dilute aqueous solutions. Other acidity functions have been proposed for different environments, most notably the Hammett acidity function , H 0 , [ 3 ] for superacid media and its modified version H − for superbasic media.
While the digraphs ch, dd, ff, ng, ll, ph, rh, th are each written with two symbols, they are all considered to be single letters. This means, for example that Llanelli (a town in South Wales) is considered to have only six letters in Welsh, compared to eight letters in English.
Most double consonants are written using double letters: ππ σσ ρρ represent /pː sː rː/ or /pp ss rr/. The geminate versions of the aspirated stops /pʰː tʰː kʰː/ are written with the digraphs πφ τθ κχ , [42] and geminate /ɡː/ is written as κγ , since γγ represents [ŋɡ] in the standard orthography of Ancient Greek.
↑ Oromo uses the following digraphs: ch, dh, ny, ph, sh . p is only used in the digraph ph and loanwords. v and z are only used in loanwords. ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ Papiamento also has the digraphs: ch, dj, sh, zj . q, x are only used in loanwords and proper names. j is only used in digraphs, loanwords, and proper names.
The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. [3] Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference by measuring the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such as the silver chloride electrode.