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NPPE develops as a result of significant negative pressure generated in the chest cavity by inspiration against an upper airway obstruction. These negative pressures in the chest lead to increase venous supply to the right side of the heart while simultaneously creating more resistance for the left side of the heart to supply blood to the rest of the body (). [4]
Pulmonary edema (British English: oedema), also known as pulmonary congestion, is excessive fluid accumulation in the tissue or air spaces (usually alveoli) of the lungs. [1] This leads to impaired gas exchange , most often leading to shortness of breath ( dyspnea ) which can progress to hypoxemia and respiratory failure .
Another risk factor is premature birth in which medical intervention, such as premature birth prevention or C-section delivery, can be used as prevention for intrauterine hypoxia. [ 37 ] Studies have shown a connection between tetrahydrobiopterin (BH 4 ) deficiency and hypoxia-ischemia brain injury, though further studies need to be done. [ 38 ]
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is a common symptom of several heart conditions such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, in addition to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and sleep apnea. [8] Other symptoms that may be seen alongside paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea are weakness, orthopnea, edema, fatigue, and dyspnea. [9]
[1] [6] Up to 1% of children with DKA develop a complication known as cerebral edema. [2] Rates of cerebral edema in US children with DKA have risen from 0.4% in 2002 to 0.7% in 2012. [44] Between 2 and 5 out of 10 children who develop brain swelling will die as a result. [10]
10–80 per 100,000 Respiratory failure results from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system , meaning that the arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, or both cannot be kept at normal levels. A drop in the oxygen carried in the blood is known as hypoxemia ; a rise in arterial carbon dioxide levels is called hypercapnia .
416 Chronic pulmonary heart disease. 416.0 Primary pulmonary hypertension; 416.1 Kyphoscoliotic heart disease; 416.2 Chronic pulmonary embolism; 416.8 Other chronic pulmonary heart diseases; 416.9 Chronic pulmonary heart disease unspecified; 417 Other diseases of pulmonary circulation. 417.0 Arteriovenous fistula of pulmonary vessels; 417.1 ...
The supportive therapies focus on maximizing pulmonary function and preserving activity tolerance through oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, inhaled beta-adrenergic agonists, and diuretics. [10] Because there is no effective treatment for restrictive lung disease, prevention is key. [10]