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Indonesian orthography refers to the official spelling system used in the Indonesian language. The current system uses the Latin alphabet and is called Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan (EYD), commonly translated as Enhanced Spelling, Perfected Spelling or Improved Spelling. [1] [2] [3] [4]
The Malay alphabet has a phonemic orthography; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with a notable defectiveness: /ə/ and /e/ are both written as E/e.The names of the letters, however, differ between Indonesia and rest of the Malay-speaking countries; while Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore follow the letter names of the English alphabet, Indonesia largely follows the letter names of ...
Indonesia abandoned the spelling dj to conform to the j already in use in Malaysia, while the old Indonesian j for the semivowel was replaced with y as in Malaysia. Likewise, the velar fricative [ x ] which occurs in many Arabic loanwords, which used to be written 'ch' in Indonesian, became kh in both languages. [ 32 ]
The Republican Spelling System (in Indonesian: ejaan republik, when written in the current spelling system, or edjaan Republik, when written in this spelling system) or Soewandi Spelling (in Indonesian: ejaan Suwandi, when written in the current spelling system, or edjaan Suwandi, when written in this spelling system) was the orthography used for Indonesian from 17 March 1947 until 1972.
The Youth Pledge, a pledge made by Indonesian youth on October 28, 1928, defining the identity of the Indonesian nation.On the last pledge, there was an affirmation of Indonesian language as a unifying language throughout the archipelago.
The new spelling system, known as 'New Rumi Spelling' in Malaysia and 'Perfected Spelling System' in Indonesia, was officially announced in both countries on 16 August 1972. [3] Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in the Indonesian and Malaysian varieties, a number of minor spelling differences remain.
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They are not used for writing per se, but for spelling out words while signing. American manual alphabet (used with slight modification in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Paraguay, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand) British manual alphabet (used in some of the Commonwealth of Nations, such as Australia and New Zealand) Catalan manual alphabet