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Most of the warships of the era were distinguished by their names, which were compounds of a number and a suffix. Thus the English term quinquereme derives from Latin quīnquerēmis and has the Greek equivalent πεντήρης (pentḗrēs). Both are compounds featuring a prefix meaning "five": Latin quīnque, ancient Greek πέντε (pénte).
During this period the standard Mediterranean warship was the quinquereme, meaning "five-rowers". [16] The quinquereme was a galley, c. 45 metres (150 ft) long, c. 5 metres (16 ft) wide at water level, with its deck standing c. 3 metres (10 ft) above the sea and displacing around 100 tonnes (110 short tons; 100 long tons).
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[9] Modern scholarship is divided on the provenance of the trireme, Greece or Phoenicia, and the exact time it developed into the foremost ancient fighting ship. [10] According to Thucydides, the trireme was introduced to Greece by the Corinthians in the late 8th century BC, and the Corinthian Ameinocles built four such ships for the Samians. [11]
The quinquereme was superior as a warship to the previous mainstay of Mediterranean navies, the trireme, [32] [33] and, being heavier, performed better than the triremes in bad weather. [34] The modern replica galley Olympias has achieved speeds of 8.5 knots (9.8 mph; 15.7 km/h) and cruised at 4 knots (4.6 mph; 7.4 km/h) for hours on end. [20]
The main source for almost every aspect of the First Punic War [note 1] is the historian Polybius (c. 200 – c.118 BC), a Greek sent to Rome in 167 BC as a hostage. [2] [3] His works include a now-lost manual on military tactics, [4] but he is known today for The Histories, written sometime after 146 BC, or about a century after the Battle of Drepana.
Ivanhoe helped popularize the image of King John as cruel and villainous. [5] The novel also calls John a "Norman", although contemporary documents from the period of John's reign do not refer to the monarch as a Norman. [5] King John features in the three-decker novel Forest Days (1843) by G. P. R. James, about the First Barons' War. [6]