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Cancer prevention is the practice of taking active measures to decrease the incidence of cancer and mortality. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The practice of prevention depends on both individual efforts to improve lifestyle and seek preventive screening , and socioeconomic or public policy related to cancer prevention. [ 3 ]
Cancer DALYs attributable to 11 Level 2 risk factors globally in 2019. [129] Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease cancer risk. [130] The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors. Many of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices. Thus, cancer is generally preventable. [131]
Preventive healthcare strategies are described as taking place at the primal, [2] primary, [13] secondary, and tertiary prevention levels. Although advocated as preventive medicine in the early twentieth century by Sara Josephine Baker, [14] in the 1940s, Hugh R. Leavell and E. Gurney Clark coined the term primary prevention.
Cancer immunoprevention is the prevention of cancer onset with immunological means such as vaccines, immunostimulators or antibodies. [1] [2] Cancer immunoprevention is conceptually different from cancer immunotherapy, which aims at stimulating immunity in patients only after tumor onset, however the same immunological means can be used both in immunoprevention and in immunotherapy.
Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study, treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist . [ 1 ] The name's etymological origin is the Greek word ὄγκος ( ónkos ), meaning "tumor", "volume" or "mass". [ 2 ]
Cervical cancer screening is a medical screening test designed to identify risk of cervical cancer. Cervical screening may involve looking for viral DNA, and/or to identify abnormal, potentially precancerous cells within the cervix as well as cells that have progressed to early stages of cervical cancer .
A public health intervention is any effort or policy that attempts to improve mental and physical health on a population level.Public health interventions may be run by a variety of organizations, including governmental health departments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
The impact of early cancer detection and the treatment outcomes vary, as there are instances where even with available treatment, early detection may not enhance the overall survival. If the cancer screening does not change the treatment outcome, the screening only prolongs the time the individual lived with the knowledge of their cancer diagnosis.