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pergolide – dopamine receptor agonist used for the treatment of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses; phenobarbital – anti-convulsant used for seizures; phenylbutazone – nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) phenylpropanolamine – controls urinary incontinence in dogs
Bethanechol is a parasympathomimetic choline carbamate that selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors without any effect on nicotinic receptors.Unlike acetylcholine, bethanechol is not hydrolyzed by cholinesterase and will therefore have a long duration of action.
Oxybutynin, sold under the brand name Ditropan among others, is an anticholinergic medication primarily used to treat overactive bladder.It is widely considered a first-line therapy for overactive bladder due to its well-studied side effect profile, broad applicability, and continued efficacy over long periods of time.
However, It is still available for veterinary use in dogs as a treatment for urinary incontinence. Internationally, an item on the agenda of the 2000 Commission on Narcotic Drugs session called for including the stereoisomer norephedrine in Table I of United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances .
These drugs work to increase the levels of acetylcholine and subsequently increase the function of neural cells. [8] However, not all treatments based upon the cholinergic hypothesis have been successful in treating the symptoms or slowing the progression of AD. [9]
Drugs with muscarinic antagonist activity are widely used in medicine, in the treatment of low heart rate, overactive bladder, respiratory problems such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and neurological problems such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
Solifenacin, sold as the brand name Vesicare [a] among others, is a medicine used to treat overactive bladder and neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). [1] [2] It may help with incontinence, urinary frequency, and urinary urgency.
Darifenacin (trade name Enablex in United States and Canada, Emselex in the European Union) is a medication used to treat urinary incontinence due to an overactive bladder. [1] [2] [3] It was discovered by scientists at the Pfizer research site in Sandwich, UK under the identifier UK-88,525 and used to be marketed by Novartis.
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