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Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number; [ 5] siderophiles shown in yellow. Graphs of abundance against atomic number can reveal patterns relating abundance to stellar nucleosynthesis and geochemistry . The alternation of abundance between even and odd atomic number is ...
The Goldschmidt classification, [ 1][ 2] developed by Victor Goldschmidt (1888–1947), is a geochemical classification which groups the chemical elements within the Earth according to their preferred host phases into lithophile ( rock -loving), siderophile ( iron -loving), chalcophile ( sulfide ore -loving or chalcogen -loving), and atmophile ...
Other elements occur at less than 0.15%. For a full list, see abundance of elements in Earth's crust. The graph at right illustrates the relative atomic-abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust—the part that is relatively accessible for measurements and estimation.
A.B. Ronov, A.A. Yaroshevsky, Earth's Crust Geochemistry, in Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, R.W. Fairbridge (ed.), Van Nostrand, New York, (1969). Estimated abundance of the elements in the continental crust (C1) and in seawater near the surface (W1). The median values of reported measurements are given.
Earth's crust. Earth's crust is its thick outer shell of rock, referring to less than one percent of the planet's radius and volume. It is the top component of the lithosphere, a solidified division of Earth's layers that includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle. [ 1] The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates whose motion allows ...
Rare-earth elements occur in nature in combination with phosphate ( monazite ), carbonate - fluoride ( bastnäsite ), and oxygen anions. In their oxides, most rare-earth elements only have a valence of 3 and form sesquioxides (cerium forms CeO2 ). Five different crystal structures are known, depending on the element and the temperature.
The Oddo–Harkins rule holds that an element with an even atomic number is more abundant than the elements with immediately adjacent atomic numbers. For example, carbon, with atomic number 6, is more abundant than boron (5) and nitrogen (7). Generally, the relative abundance of an even atomic numbered element is roughly two orders of magnitude ...
t. e. A biogeochemical cycle, or more generally a cycle of matter, [ 1] is the movement and transformation of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust. Major biogeochemical cycles include the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle. In each cycle, the chemical element or ...