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Website. ielts .org. International English Language Testing System ( IELTS / ˈaɪ.ɛlts /) [ 6] is an international standardized test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers. It is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP and Cambridge English, [ 6] and was established in 1989.
Cambridge Assessment English or Cambridge English develops and produces Cambridge English Qualifications and the International English Language Testing System ().The organisation contributed to the development of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), the standard used around the world to benchmark language skills, [2] and its qualifications and tests are aligned with ...
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, [ 1] abbreviated in English as CEFR, CEF, or CEFRL, is a guideline used to describe achievements of learners of foreign languages across Europe and, increasingly, in other countries. The CEFR is also intended to make it easier for educational institutions ...
European universities date from the founding of the University of Bologna in 1088 or the University of Paris (c. 1150–70). The original medieval universities arose from the Roman Catholic Church schools. Their purposes included training professionals, scientific investigation, improving society, and teaching critical thinking and research.
The first volume is dedicated to the emergence of the university in the Middle Ages and its development until around 1500. Volume II describes and analyzes the university from the Reformation until the French Revolution (1500–1800), volume III the rise of the modern university until World War II (1800–1945) and the last volume the post-war period up to the present time.
Nations that are part of the English-speaking world (from most Commonwealth realms to former British colonies e.g., Hong Kong SAR or former/protectorates of the United States (Philippines, Puerto Rico), where English is the de facto official language, automatically grant a TOEFL exemption with some restrictions (e.g., residents of Quebec are ...
B1 Preliminary is an intermediate-level qualification and is designed for learners who have mastered the basic of English and now have practical language skills for everyday use. It is targeted at Level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). B1 Preliminary is offered in two versions: B1 Preliminary for Schools, for school-aged ...
A 1911 map of medieval universities in Europe The University of Bologna in Bologna, Italy, founded in 1088, the world's oldest university in continuous operation [1] A dining hall at the University of Oxford in Oxford, England, the world's second-oldest university and oldest in the English-speaking world A partial view of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England, the world's third ...