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In semiotics, connotation arises when the denotative relationship between a signifier and its signified is inadequate to serve the needs of the community. A second level of meanings is termed connotative. These meanings are not objective representations of the thing, but new usages produced by the language group.
The encoding/decoding model of communication emerged in rough and general form in 1948 in Claude E. Shannon 's "A Mathematical Theory of Communication," where it was part of a technical schema for designating the technological encoding of signals. Gradually, it was adapted by communications scholars, most notably Wilbur Schramm, in the 1950s ...
Direct reference theory. A referential theory of meaning (also called direct reference theory[ 1] or referential realism) [ 2] is a theory of language that claims that the meaning of a word or expression lies in what it points out in the world. [ 3] Ex , The word tree may have an exterior meaning from the one always intended , that is , tree ...
Connotation. A connotation is a commonly understood cultural or emotional association that any given word or phrase carries, in addition to its explicit or literal meaning, which is its denotation . A connotation is frequently described as either positive or negative, with regard to its pleasing or displeasing emotional connection. [ 1]
t. e. Semiotics ( / ˌsiːmiˈɒtɪks, ˌsɛm -, - maɪ -/ SEE-mee-OT-iks, SEM-, -my-) is the systematic study of sign processes and the communication of meaning. In semiotics, a sign is defined as anything that communicates intentional and unintentional meaning or feelings to the sign's interpreter.
Associative meaning. According to the semantic analysis of Geoffrey Leech, the associative meaning of an expression has to do with individual mental understandings of the speaker. They, in turn, can be broken up into five sub-types: connotative, collocative, social, affective and reflected (Mwihaki 2004). The connotative meanings of an ...
Roman Jakobson defined six functions of language (or communication functions ), according to which an effective act of verbal communication can be described. [ 2] Each of the functions has an associated factor. For this work, Jakobson was influenced by Karl Bühler 's organon model, to which he added the poetic, phatic and metalingual functions.
Deep structure and surface structure (also D-structure and S-structure although those abbreviated forms are sometimes used with distinct meanings) are concepts used in linguistics, specifically in the study of syntax in the Chomskyan tradition of transformational generative grammar . The deep structure of a linguistic expression is a ...