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List of cognitive biases. Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment. They are often studied in psychology, sociology and behavioral economics. [ 1] Although the reality of most of these biases is confirmed by reproducible research, [ 2][ 3] there are often controversies about how to classify ...
Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon[ 1] or creeping determinism, [ 2] is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they were. [ 3][ 4] After an event has occurred, people often believe that they could have predicted or perhaps even known with a high degree of certainty ...
A self-serving bias is any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem, or the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner. [ 1] It is the belief that individuals tend to ascribe success to their own abilities and efforts, but ascribe failure to external factors. [ 2]
The philosophy of perception is concerned with the nature of perceptual experience and the status of perceptual data, in particular how they relate to beliefs about, or knowledge of, the world. [ 1] Any explicit account of perception requires a commitment to one of a variety of ontological or metaphysical views.
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The hindsight bias is defined as a tendency to change an opinion from an original thought to something different because of newly provided information. Since 1973, when Fischhoff started the hindsight bias research, there has been a focus on two main explanations of the bias: distorted event probabilities and distorted memory for judgments of factual knowledge.
In hindsight, however, she's noticed how skewed her perception of herself was as a result. Within the past year, Heigl rewatched The Ugly Truth where she starred alongside Gerard Butler.
Selective perception is the tendency not to notice and more quickly forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict prior beliefs. For example, a teacher may have a favorite student because they are biased by in-group favoritism. The teacher ignores the student's poor attainment. Conversely, they might not notice the progress of ...