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  2. Membrane models - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_models

    By the 1950s, cell biologists verified the existence of plasma membranes through the use of electron microscopy (which accounted for higher resolutions). J. David Robertson used this method to propose the unit membrane model. [4] Basically, he suggested that all cellular membranes share a similar underlying structure, the unit membrane. Using ...

  3. Dirac membrane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_membrane

    In the Dirac membrane model the repulsive electromagnetic forces on the membrane are balanced by the contracting ones coming from the positive tension. In the case of the spherical membrane, classical equations of motion imply that the balance is met for the radius 0.75 r e {\displaystyle 0.75r_{e}} , where r e {\displaystyle r_{e}} is the ...

  4. History of cell membrane theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cell_membrane...

    A micrograph from a Transmission Electron Micrograph showing a lipid vesicle. The two dark bands are the two leaflets comprising the bilayer. Similar images taken in the 1950s and 1960s confirmed the bilayer nature of the cell membrane. Thus, by the early twentieth century the chemical, but not the structural nature of the cell membrane was known.

  5. Atomic orbital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital

    Atomic orbitals are basic building blocks of the atomic orbital model (or electron cloud or wave mechanics model), a modern framework for visualizing submicroscopic behavior of electrons in matter. In this model, the electron cloud of an atom may be seen as being built up (in approximation) in an electron configuration that is a product of ...

  6. Lipid bilayer characterization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer_characterization

    The two dark bands around the edge are the two leaflets of the bilayer. Similar electron micrographs confirmed the bilayer nature of the cell membrane in the 1950s. In electron microscopy a beam of focused electrons interacts with the sample rather than a beam of light as in traditional microscopy. Electrons have a much shorter wavelength than ...

  7. Cell membrane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane

    Illustration of a eukaryotic cell membrane Comparison of a eukaryotic vs. a prokaryotic cell membrane. The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

  8. Chargers look for first playoff win since 2018 season when ...

    www.aol.com/chargers-look-first-playoff-win...

    BetMGM NFL Odds: Chargers by 3. Against the spread: Chargers 12-5, Texans 7-8-2. Series record: Los Angeles leads 6-3. Last meeting: Chargers beat Texans 34-24 on Oct. 2, 2022, in Houston. Last ...

  9. Cell (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)

    Detailed diagram of lipid bilayer of cell membrane. The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is a selectively permeable [citation needed] biological membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. In animals, the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell, while in plants and prokaryotes it is usually covered by a cell wall.