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In particle physics, the Lund string model is a phenomenological model of hadronization. It treats all but the highest- energy gluons as field lines, which are attracted to each other due to the gluon self-interaction and so form a narrow tube (or string) of strong color field .
the mass–energy equivalence formula which gives the energy in terms of the momentum and the rest mass of a particle. The equation for the mass shell is also often written in terms of the four-momentum ; in Einstein notation with metric signature (+,−,−,−) and units where the speed of light c = 1 {\displaystyle c=1} , as p μ p μ ≡ p ...
For energy much less than the mass of the W-boson, the effective theory becomes the current–current contact interaction of the Fermi theory, + . However, gauge invariance now requires that the component W 3 {\displaystyle W^{3}} of the gauge field also be coupled to a current that lies in the triplet of SU(2).
However, perturbation theory (and with it the concept of a "force-mediating particle") fails in other situations. These include low-energy quantum chromodynamics, bound states , and solitons . The interactions between all the particles described by the Standard Model are summarized by the diagrams on the right of this section.
Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of protons and neutrons , while the study of combination of protons and neutrons is called nuclear physics .
The field equations of condensed matter physics are remarkably similar to those of high energy particle physics. As a result, much of the theory of particle physics applies to condensed matter physics as well; in particular, there are a selection of field excitations, called quasi-particles, that can be created and explored. These include:
In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks that give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons. The quark model underlies "flavor SU(3)" , or the Eightfold Way , the successful classification scheme organizing the large number of lighter hadrons that ...
The definition of "particle" in relativistic field theory is not self-evident, because if you try to determine the position so that the uncertainty is less than the compton wavelength, the uncertainty in energy is large enough to produce more particles and antiparticles of the same type from the vacuum. This means that the notion of a single ...