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Colloquial readings tend to reflect an older sound system. [15] Not all Wu dialects behave the same way. Some have more instances of discrepancies between literary and colloquial readings than others. For example, the character 魏 had a initial in Middle Chinese, and in literary readings, there is a null initial.
Before the modern adoption of written vernacular Chinese, the diglossic situation also applied to Mandarin speakers when Classical Chinese was the standard written language. Continuing the previous example for comparison, using Classical Chinese it would be:
In Standard Chinese, about 15–20% of the syllables in written texts are considered unstressed, including certain suffixes, clitics, and particles. Second syllables of some disyllabic words are also unstressed in Northern Mandarin accents, but many Mandarin speakers in Southern China tend to preserve their inherent tone.
Classical Chinese has more pronouns compared to the modern vernacular. In particular, whereas modern Standard Chinese has one character generally used as a first-person pronoun, Classical Chinese has several—many of which are used as part of a system of honorifics. Many final and interrogative particles are found in Classical Chinese. [14]
The Yale romanization of Mandarin is a system for transcribing the sounds of Standard Chinese, based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. [1] It was devised in 1943 by the Yale sinologist George Kennedy for a course teaching Chinese to American soldiers, and was popularized by continued development of that course at Yale.
a story about Hu Shih debating the merits of Written vernacular Chinese over Classical Chinese (selection 15). [4]: 362–363 a translation of the legend of the construction of Windsor Guildhall by Sir Christopher Wren. [4]: 370–371 an inspirational essay about the conditions in New York City schools written by Liu Yong. [4]: 378–379
Zhongyong's) 父 fù father 利 lì profit 其 然 也 qí rán yě the thing (that he be invited) {} 父 利 {其 然 也} {} fù lì {qí rán yě} (Zhongyong's) father profit {the thing} The father considered the thing as profitable . For an adjective, it becomes an observation in the form of "consider (object) (the adjective)". ex: 漁 yú fish 人 rén man 甚 shèn very 異 yì strange ...
General Chinese is not specifically a romanization system, but two alternative systems: one (Tung-dzih Xonn-dzih) uses Chinese characters phonetically, as a syllabary of 2082 glyphs, and the other (Tung-dzih Lo-maa-dzih) is an alphabetic romanization system with similar sound values and tone spellings to Gwoyeu Romatzyh.