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General structure of vitamin K 2 (MK-n) Vitamin K 2 or menaquinone (MK) (/ ˌ m ɛ n ə ˈ k w ɪ n oʊ n /) is one of three types of vitamin K, the other two being vitamin K 1 (phylloquinone) and K 3 . K 2 is both a tissue and bacterial product (derived from vitamin K 1 in both cases) and is usually found in animal products or fermented foods. [1]
Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. [1] The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish koagulation, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. [2]
MK-4 is the major form of Vitamin K in vertebrate animals, including humans and common forms of meat animals. It is produced via conversion of vitamin K 1 in the body, specifically in the testes, pancreas and arterial walls. [2] The conversion is not dependent on gut bacteria, occurring in germ-free rats [3] [4] and in parenterally-administered ...
Symptoms include bruising, [2] petechiae, [2] [3] and hematomas. Vitamin K is changed to its active form in the liver by the enzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase. Activated vitamin K is then used to gamma carboxylate (and thus activate) certain enzymes involved in coagulation: Factors II, VII, IX, X, and protein C and protein S. The inability to ...
Vitamin A: 900 μg: Vitamin C: 90 mg Vitamin D: 20 μg Vitamin E: 15 mg alpha-tocopherol Vitamin K: 120 μg Thiamin: 1.2 mg Riboflavin: 1.3 mg Niacin: 16 mg Pantothenic acid: 5 mg Vitamin B6: 1.7 mg Vitamin B12: 2.4 μg Biotin: 30 μg Folate: 400 μg Choline: 550 mg
In 2012, the Physicians' Health Study II (PHS-II) found that participants who took a Centrum-brand multivitamin each day for an average of 11 years had no change in cancer mortality or cardiovascular disease mortality compared to the placebo group.
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