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The Mandate of Heaven (Chinese: 天命; pinyin: Tiānmìng; Wade–Giles: T'ien 1-ming 4; lit. 'Heaven's command') is a Chinese political ideology that was used in Ancient China and Imperial China to legitimize the rule of the king or emperor of China. [1] According to this doctrine, Heaven (天, Tian) bestows its mandate [a] on a virtuous
Tian (天) is one of the oldest Chinese terms for heaven and a key concept in Chinese mythology, philosophy, and religion.During the Shang dynasty (17th―11th century BCE), the Chinese referred to their highest god as Shangdi or Di (帝, 'Lord'). [1]
Tianxia, 'all under Heaven', is a Chinese term for a historical Chinese cultural concept that denoted either the entire geographical world or the metaphysical realm of mortals, and later became associated with political sovereignty.
Tian Xia (All under Heaven) Tian Chao (Dynasty of Heaven) Tian Kehan (Khan of Heaven) Tian Ming (Mandate of Heaven) Tian Zi (Son of Heaven) Zhou dynasty; Chanyu, title used by the Xiongnu's supreme leaders, prefaced with Chinese transcription 撐犁孤塗; Chēnglí gūtú which was glossed as "Son of Heaven" by Book of Han. [16]
The Zhou dynasty, which overthrew the Shang, emphasised a more universal idea of Tian (天 "Heaven"). [19] The Shang dynasty's identification of Shangdi as their ancestor-god had asserted their claim to power by divine right; the Zhou transformed this claim into a legitimacy based on moral power, the Mandate of Heaven. In Zhou theology, Tian ...
The Mandate of Heaven was, in Zhou perceptions, originally in possession by the Shang royal house, which loses its legitimacy to claim it due to the evilness of the last king Di Xin. Therefore, Heaven bestowed its Mandate upon men of worthiness, and in the Western Zhou case, King Wen of Zhou.
Unity of Heaven and humanity (Chinese: 天人合一; pinyin: Tiān rén héyī) is an ancient Chinese philosophical concept that is found common across many Chinese religions and philosophies. The basic idea is that societal phenomena such as physiology , ethics , and politics of humanity are direct reflections of Tian , "heaven" or "nature."
By the 6th century BCE, the concept of Tian and the symbols that represented it on earth (architecture of cities, temples, altars and ritual cauldrons, and the Zhou ritual system) had become widespread. The Mandate of Heaven was claimed by different rulers of the Zhou states to legitimise their economic, political, and military ambitions.