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The association of smoking with lung cancer and COPD are among strongest, both in the public perception and etiologically. Among male smokers, the lifetime risk of developing lung cancer is 17.2%; among female smokers, the risk is 11.6%. This risk is significantly lower in nonsmokers: 1.3% in men and 1.4% in women. [26]
Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
Terrie Linn McNutt Hall (July 19, 1960 – September 16, 2013) was an American anti-smoking and anti-tobacco advocate.She was a survivor of ten cancer diagnoses, undergoing 48 radiation treatments, and nearly a year's worth of chemotherapy, before and after undergoing a laryngectomy in 2001. [2]
a positive correlation between pregnant women who smoke and underweight newborns. [1] As did the World Health Organization during this period, but possibly influenced by the fact that they were all smokers themselves, [5] the Committee defined cigarette smoking as a "habituation" rather than an overpowering "addiction". [5]
Among the diseases that can be caused by smoking are vascular stenosis, lung cancer, [58] heart attacks [59] and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). [60] Smoking during pregnancy may cause ADHD to a fetus. [61] Smoking is a risk factor strongly associated with periodontitis and tooth loss. [62]
Smoking during pregnancy can cause adverse health effects in both the woman and the fetus. The 2008 US Guideline determined that "person-to-person psychosocial interventions" (typically including "intensive counseling") increased abstinence rates in pregnant women who smoke to 13.3%, compared with 7.6% in usual care.
During pregnancy [16] and breastfeeding, [17] mothers are advised not to use any products containing nicotine, [18] which harms the fetus. [19] Scandinavian snus is regularly available, refrigerated, in the United States at smokeshops and select gas stations, especially in major cities.
Tobacco smoking during pregnancy can cause a wide range of behavioral, neurological, and physical difficulties. [111] Smoking during pregnancy causes twice the risk of premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and placenta previa. [112] Smoking is associated with 30% higher odds of preterm birth. [113]