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Dysuria refers to painful or uncomfortable urination. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is one of a constellation of irritative bladder symptoms (also sometimes referred to as lower urinary tract symptoms), which includes nocturia and urinary frequency .
Urinary retention in females is uncommon, occurring 1 in 100,000 every year, with a female-to-male incidence rate of 1:13. It is usually transient. The causes of UR in women can be multi-factorial, and can be postoperative and postpartum. Prompt urethral catheterization usually resolves the problem. [17]
Large studies of patients have also failed to show any correlation between lower urinary tract symptoms and a specific diagnosis. [11] Also, recently a report of lower urinary tract symptoms even with malignant features in the prostate failed to be associated with prostate cancer after further laboratory investigation of the biopsy.
Diagnosis can be complicated by the fact that many elderly people have preexisting incontinence or dementia. [ 11 ] It is reasonable to obtain a urine culture in those with signs of systemic infection that may be unable to report urinary symptoms, such as when advanced dementia is present. [ 30 ]
Hemorrhagic cystitis or haemorrhagic cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder defined by lower urinary tract symptoms that include dysuria, hematuria, and hemorrhage.The disease can occur as a complication of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and radiation therapy.
[citation needed] The Skene's glands are embryologically related to the prostate gland in the male, thus urethral syndrome may share a comparable cause with chronic prostatitis. [ citation needed ] Possible non-infective causes include hormonal imbalance, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] trauma, allergies , anatomical features such as diverticula , and post ...
Most patients present with both manifestations, but some present with loin pain or hematuria alone. Pain episodes are rarely associated with low-grade fever and dysuria, but urinary tract infection is not present. The major causes of flank pain and hematuria, such as nephrolithiasis and blood clot, are typically not present. Renal arteriography ...
Diagnosis [ edit ] It has been easy to test for the presence of gonorrhea by viewing a Gram stain of the urethral discharge under a microscope: The causative organism is distinctive in appearance; however, this works only with men because other non-pathogenic gram-negative microbes are present as normal flora of the vagina in women.