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It is defined as the inverse of the absolute risk increase, and computed as / (), where is the incidence in the treated (exposed) group, and is the incidence in the control (unexposed) group. [1] Intuitively, the lower the number needed to harm, the worse the risk factor, with 1 meaning that every exposed person is harmed.
If the risk of an outcome is increased by the exposure, the term absolute risk increase (ARI) is used, and computed as . Equivalently, if the risk of an outcome is decreased by the exposure, the term absolute risk reduction (ARR) is used, and computed as I u − I e {\displaystyle I_{u}-I_{e}} .
The Coleman–Liau index is calculated with the following formula: = L is the average number of letters per 100 words and S is the average number of sentences per 100 words. The multiplication operator is often omitted in mathematical formulas when it is clear that multiplication is implied, but it is good practice to include it to avoid ...
The table shown on the right can be used in a two-sample t-test to estimate the sample sizes of an experimental group and a control group that are of equal size, that is, the total number of individuals in the trial is twice that of the number given, and the desired significance level is 0.05. [4] The parameters used are:
The number needed to treat (NNT) or number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) is an epidemiological measure used in communicating the effectiveness of a health-care intervention, typically a treatment with medication. The NNT is the average number of patients who need to be treated to prevent one additional bad outcome.
For a fixed length n, the Hamming distance is a metric on the set of the words of length n (also known as a Hamming space), as it fulfills the conditions of non-negativity, symmetry, the Hamming distance of two words is 0 if and only if the two words are identical, and it satisfies the triangle inequality as well: [2] Indeed, if we fix three words a, b and c, then whenever there is a ...
None of President-elect Trump's Cabinet nominees can be confirmed until he takes office on Jan. 20 – and expect a traffic jam in the Senate when he does.
The lexical density is the proportion of content words (lexical items) in a given discourse. It can be measured either as the ratio of lexical items to total number of words, or as the ratio of lexical items to the number of higher structural items in the sentences (for example, clauses).