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The glans penis is where it is most frequently found, however it can also affect the coronal sulcus and prepuce's inner surface. Similar lesions can afflict the female genitalia, particularly the labia minora. [4] The conjunctiva, urethra, cheeks, epiglottis, and oral mucosa (gingiva, hard palate, and buccal mucosa) are additional locations. [6]
[6] [7] Some of these infections are sexually transmitted, however a yeast infection, Candida balanitis, is generally not categorized as such. It is less common among males who are circumcised; in many cases, a dysfunction of the foreskin is a causal or contributing factor. [1] Both not enough cleaning and too much cleaning can cause problems. [1]
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease, of unknown cause, which can affect any body part of any person, but has a strong preference for the genitals (penis, vulva), and is also known as balanitis xerotica obliterans when it affects the penis.
The condition, says Dr. Williams, “is marked by red-brown lesions on the glans or shaft, usually in circumcised men. It is typically benign, however, there have been rare reports of this ...
[5] [7] Occasionally, phimosis may be caused by an underlying condition such as scarring due to balanitis or balanitis xerotica obliterans. [5] This can typically be diagnosed by seeing scarring of the opening of the foreskin. [5] Generally, treatment is not considered necessary unless the foreskin still cannot be retracted by the age of 18. [4]
Balanitis and penile injury—Inflammation of the foreskin and/or the glans penis (balanitis) is associated with about 3.1 times increased risk of penile cancer. [9] It is usually caused by poor hygiene, allergic reactions to certain soaps, or an underlying health condition such as reactive arthritis, infection, or diabetes. [17]
Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis, (PKMB) is a cutaneous condition characterized by skin lesions on the glans penis that are wart-like with scaling. [1]: 657 It can present as a cutaneous horn. [2] PKMB is usually asymptomatic, with occasional irritation, burning sensation, fissuring, or maceration.
Balanitis circinata (also known as circinate balanitis) is a skin condition comprising a serpiginous ring-shaped dermatitis of the glans penis. [1] While circinate balanitis is one of the most common cutaneous manifestations of reactive arthritis, it can also occur independently.