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The official objectives of normalization (in the narrower sense) were the restoration of firm KSČ rule and the reestablishment of Czechoslovakia's position in the socialist bloc. Its result, however, was a political environment that placed primary emphasis on the maintenance of a stable party leadership and its strict control over the population.
Although it was mostly a formality during the normalization period, Czechoslovakia had been federalized under the Constitutional Law of Federation of 27 October 1968. The newly created Federal Assembly (i.e., federal parliament), which replaced the National Assembly, was intended to work in close cooperation with the Czech National Council and ...
In the history of Czechoslovakia, normalization (Czech: normalizace, Slovak: normalizácia) is a name commonly given to the period 1969–87. It was characterized by initial restoration of the conditions prevailing before the reform period led by Dubček, first of all, the firm rule of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and subsequent ...
The 1968 constitutional amendments redefined Czechoslovakia as a federation of two equal states and nations, the Czech nation and the Slovak nation, and increased the responsibilities of the constituent republics. However, this decentralization of power did not survive the 1968 invasion and subsequent normalization policies.
Cabada, Ladislav, and Sarka Waisova, Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic in World Politics (Lexington Books; 2012), foreign policy 1918 to 2010; Felak, James Ramon. At the price of the Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1929–1938 (U of Pittsburgh Press, 1995). Korbel, Josef. Twentieth Century Czechoslovakia: The Meaning of its ...
Czechoslovakia [2] (/ ˌ tʃ ɛ k oʊ s l oʊ ˈ v æ k i. ə, ˈ tʃ ɛ k ə-,-s l ə-,-ˈ v ɑː-/ ⓘ CHEK-oh-sloh-VAK-ee-ə, CHEK-ə-, -slə-, - VAH-; [3] [4] Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko) [5] [6] was a landlocked country in Central Europe, [7] created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary.
The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, (Czech and Slovak: Československá socialistická republika, ČSSR) [a] known from 1948 to 1960 as the Czechoslovak Republic, [b] Fourth Czechoslovak Republic, or simply Czechoslovakia, was the Czechoslovak state from 1948 until 1989, when the country was under communist rule, and was regarded as a satellite state in the Soviet sphere of interest.
Ludvík Vaculík (2010), the author of the Two Thousand Words manifesto. "The Two Thousand Words" (full title: 2000 Words to Workers, Farmers, Officials, Scientists, Artists, and Everyone; Czech: Dva tisíce slov, které patří dělníkům, zemědělcům, úředníkům, vědcům, umělcům a všem) is a manifesto written by Czech reformist writer Ludvík Vaculík.