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Instruments of monetary policy have included short-term interest rates and bank reserves through the monetary base. [1]With the creation of the Bank of England in 1694, which acquired the responsibility to print notes and back them with gold, the idea of monetary policy as independent of executive action began to be established. [2]
A History of Money and Banking in the United States is a 2002 book by economist Murray Rothbard, released posthumously based on his archived manuscripts. [1] The author traces inflations, banking panics, and money meltdowns from the Colonial Period through the mid-20th century.
A Financial History of the United States. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0730-1. Marrs, Jim (2000). "Secrets of Money and the Federal Reserve System". Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History that Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 64– 78. Martin, Justin (2000).
In the United States, banking had begun by the 1780s, along with the country's founding. It has developed into a highly influential and complex system of banking and financial services. Anchored by New York City and Wall Street, it is centered on various financial services, such as private banking, asset management, and deposit security.
A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 is a book written in 1963 by future Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz.It uses historical time series and economic analysis to argue the then-novel proposition that changes in the money supply profoundly influenced the United States economy, especially the behavior of economic fluctuations.
The US central bank, The Federal Reserve System, colloquially known as "The Fed", was created in 1913 by the Federal Reserve Act as the monetary authority of the United States. The Federal Reserve's board of governors along with the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) are consequently the primary arbiters of monetary policy in the United States.
In 1979, United States President Jimmy Carter appointed as Federal Reserve Chief Paul Volcker, who made fighting inflation his primary objective, and who restricted the money supply (in accordance with the Friedman rule) to tame inflation in the economy. The result was a major rise in interest rates, not only in the United States; but worldwide.
War and Gold: A Five-Hundred-Year History of Empires, Adventures, and Debt (2014) online. Menger, Carl, "On the Origin of Money". Richards, R. D. Early history of banking in England. London: R. S. King (1929). Sehgal, Kabir (2015). Coined: The Rich Life of Money and How Its History Has Shaped Us. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-1455578528..