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These non-genomic actions contribute to the diverse effects of estrogen signaling in cells. Estrogen receptors (ERs) belong to the family of steroid hormone receptors, which are hormone receptors for sex steroids. Along with androgen receptors (ARs) and progesterone receptors (PRs), ERs play crucial roles in regulating sexual maturation and ...
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPER gene. [5] GPER binds to and is activated by the female sex hormone estradiol and is responsible for some of the rapid effects that estradiol has on cells.
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), also known as NR3A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor (mainly found as a chromatin-binding protein [5]) that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen. In humans, ERα is encoded by the gene ESR1 (EStrogen Receptor 1). [6] [7] [8]
ER-X is a membrane-associated receptor that is bound and activated by 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol and is a putative membrane estrogen receptor (mER). [1] [2] [3] It shows sequence homology with ERα and ERβ and activates the MAPK/ERK pathway. [3] The receptor is insensitive to the antiestrogen ICI-182,780 (fulvestrant). [3]
Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) also known as NR3A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 2) is one of two main types of estrogen receptor—a nuclear receptor which is activated by the sex hormone estrogen. [5]
Steroid hormone receptors are found in the nucleus, cytosol, and also on the plasma membrane of target cells. They are generally intracellular receptors (typically cytoplasmic or nuclear) and initiate signal transduction for steroid hormones which lead to changes in gene expression over a time period of hours to days.
Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα), also known as NR3B1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group B, member 1), is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the ESRRA (Estrogen Related Receptor Alpha) gene.
Membrane estrogen receptors (mERs) are a group of receptors which bind estrogen. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Unlike nuclear estrogen receptors , which mediate their effects via slower genomic mechanisms, mERs are cell surface receptors that rapidly alter cell signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades .
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