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Pope Alexander VII (Italian: Alessandro VII; 13 February 1599 – 22 May 1667), born Fabio Chigi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 April 1655 to his death, in May 1667. [1] [2] He began his career as a vice-papal legate, and he held various diplomatic positions in the Holy See.
The term "cardinal virtues" (virtutes cardinales) was first used by the 4th-century theologian Ambrose, [1] who defined the four virtues as "temperance, justice, prudence, and fortitude". [2] These were also named as cardinal virtues by Augustine of Hippo , and were subsequently adopted by the Catholic Church .
XII Apostoli (received the title on 15 March 1666), then cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono (1 December 1681), cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere (13 November 1684), cardinal-bishop of Sabina (28 February 1689), cardinal-bishop of Palestrina (8 August 1691), cardinal-bishop of Porto e S. Rufina (27 January 1698), † 29 June 1698
A few weeks before the apostolic exhortation's publication, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith released a letter to Catholic bishops, titled Placuit Deo (It pleased God), "on certain aspects of Christian salvation", which anticipated a central theme of Gaudete et exsultate, describing the modern forms of Pelagianism and of Gnosticism.
The official style of the Catholic pope in English is "His Holiness Pope [papal name]". 'Holy Father' is another honorific often used for popes. The full title, rarely used, of the Catholic pope in English is: "His Holiness [papal name], Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and ...
As "Conclave" shows, those ballots are sewn together with a needle and thread, and then burned with a chemical to send either black smoke, meaning a stalemate, or white, signifying "habemus papam ...
Cardinal Pierre de Monteruc, the chancellor at that time, refused to follow the pope from Avignon to Rome; as it was necessary that someone should direct the office of the Cancellaria, the pope, leaving the title of vice chancellor to Montéruc, appointed the archbishop of Ban, Bartolommeo Prignano, as regent.
The papal diary first mentions the monument as early as August 9, 1656. [7] After his death, the project was directed and paid for by Alexander's nephew, Cardinal Flavio Chigi. [8] Under Pope Clement IX, the tomb was originally to be placed in the choir of Santa Maria Maggiore. After Clement's death, the idea was abandoned and the location ...