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Coffee plantations, covering some 27,000 km 2 (10,000 sq mi), are mainly located in the southeastern states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná where the environment and climate provide ideal growing conditions. The crop first arrived in Brazil in the 18th century, and the country had become the dominant producer by the 1840s.
Coffee bean harvester, Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. A coffee plant usually starts to produce flowers three to four years after it is planted, [2] and it is from these flowers that the fruits of the plant (commonly known as coffee cherries) appear, with the first useful harvest possible around five years after planting. The cherries ripen ...
Climatic conditions. Ideal climatic conditions to grow coffee are related to temperature and rainfall; temperatures in the range of 73 °F (23 °C) and 82 °F (28 °C) with rainfall incidence in the range of 60–80 inches (1.5–2.0 m) followed by a dry spell of 2–3 months suit the Arabica variety. Cold temperatures closer to freezing ...
Coffee production uses a large volume of water. On average it takes about 140 litres (37 US gal) of water to grow the coffee beans needed to produce one cup of coffee. Growing the plants needed to produce 1 kg (2.2 lb) of roasted coffee in Africa, South America or Asia requires 26,400 litres (7,000 US gal) of water. [86]
Coffee trees are extremely sensitive to small differences in temperature and weather conditions. They also need specific climatic conditions like humid temperatures and ample rainfall to grow.
Ash from these volcanoes has created especially fertile Andosols, ideal for organic coffee production. Arabica coffee is grown at 1,200 to 1,800 meters on hillsides and plateaus. Most of the production is grown under shade trees and wet processed at farm level. Coffee from Flores is known for sweet chocolate, floral and woody notes.
Called a peaberry, it is smaller and rounder than a normal coffee bean. When grown in the tropics, coffee is a vigorous bush or small tree that usually grows to a height of 3–3.5 m (9.8–11.5 ft). Most commonly cultivated coffee species grow best at high elevations, but do not tolerate freezing temperatures. [10]
Coffee production in the country began in 1779 in the Meseta Central which had ideal soil and climate conditions for coffee plantations. [7] Coffea arabica first imported to Europe through Arabia, whence it takes its name, was introduced to the country directly from Ethiopia.