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However a company may elect to retain a portion of its earnings to produce incremental earnings and/or dividend growth. If the value of both dividends and retained earnings are considered, and the return on equity is equal to the firm's discount rate, the company could be valued by the same function (refer to relationship I):
Suppose a stock costing $100 pays a 4% dividend, grows at a terminal rate of 6.5% and has a discount rate of 7.9%. The price/dividend first estimate of 25 years is easily calculated. If we assume an additional 33% duration to account for the discounted value of future dividend payments, that yields a duration of 33.3 years.
The Federal Reserve responded to decline in earnings growth by cutting the target Federal funds rate (from 6.00 to 1.75% in 2001) and raising them when the growth rates are high (from 3.25 to 5.50 in 1994, 2.50 to 4.25 in 2005).
The company targets an annual growth rate of 7% to 9% per year while keeping a payout ratio of 55% to 60%. By keeping a lid on its payout ratio, the company maintains a healthy balance sheet and ...
PEP Dividend Yield data by YCharts As you can see in the chart, Pepsi is trading at a discounted price-to-earnings ratio of 23.3 compared to its 10-year median P/E of 26.1.
When dividends are assumed to grow at a constant rate, the variables are: is the current stock price. is the constant growth rate in perpetuity expected for the dividends. is the constant cost of equity capital for that company.
The difference is in the dividend growth rate. To put some numbers on it, Coca-Cola's dividend has increased at an annualized rate of roughly 5% over the past decade.
k = Discount Rate. g = Growth Rate. T 0 is the value of future cash flows; here dividends. When the valuation is based on free cash flow to firm then the formula becomes [+ ()], where the discount rate is correspondingly the weighted average cost of capital.