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Worldwide, substantial progress has been made in the effort to reduce child mortality. The number of under-5 deaths in the world has declined from nearly 12 million in 1990 to 6.9 million in 2011; and the global under-five mortality rate has dropped 41 per cent since 1990 – from 87 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 51 in 2011. [4]
Malnutrition can lead to an onslaught of additional health complications, [8] and eventually even death. [9] In fact, UNICEF found that 11.4% of deaths of South African children under five can be attributed to low weight, making low birth weight the second most prominent cause of children's death in South Africa. [10]
There are two main ways to distribute food through school feeding programs: on-site meals and take-home rations. [4] On-site meals are foods that are distributed to children while at school during morning and afternoon meal and snack times. These may include a bowl of porridge or nutrient-fortified biscuits.
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Food and nutrition security in East Africa (Rwanda, Burundi and South Sudan) is a significant issue. The region has been plagued by drought, conflict and economic instability since the 1990s. The current situation is characterized by low levels of food availability and high levels of malnutrition among young children.
Undernutrition in children, occurs when children do not consume enough calories, protein, or micronutrients to maintain good health. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is common globally and may result in both short and long term irreversible adverse health outcomes.
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Malnutrition occurs when an organism gets too few or too many nutrients, resulting in health problems. [11] [12] Specifically, it is a deficiency, excess, or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients which adversely affects the body's tissues and form.