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A Zigzag pattern of fetal heart rate (FHR) is defined as FHR baseline amplitude changes of more than 25 beats per minute (bpm) with a minimum duration of 2 minutes and maximum of 30 minutes. [19] However, according to another study, even a >1 min duration of the zigzag pattern is associated with an increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. [21]
The heart will try to compensate by speeding up and causing tachycardia or a fast heart rate in the mother. The fetus will respond to the changes in the mother if still in labor by exhibiting tachycardia and decelerations in the fetal heart rate tracing.
The presence of these biophysical variables implies absence of significant central nervous system hypoxemia/acidemia at the time of testing. By comparison, a compromised fetus typically exhibits loss of accelerations of the fetal heart rate (FHR), decreased body movement and breathing, hypotonia, and, less acutely, decreased amniotic fluid volume.
A Doppler fetal monitor, informally known as sonicaid (generic trademark), is a hand-held ultrasound transducer used to detect the fetal heartbeat for prenatal care. It uses the Doppler effect to provide an audible simulation of the heart beat. Some models also display the heart rate in beats per minute (BPM).
The use of phonocardiography to study the fetal heart dates back to the 1960s, when researchers first began to explore the feasibility of detecting fetal heart sounds using external microphones. [10] Early studies focused on using phonocardiography to measure fetal heart rate and rhythm. Over time, advances in technology and techniques have ...
It is characterized by changes in fetal movement, growth, heart rate, and presence of meconium stained fluid. [ 4 ] Risk factors for fetal distress/non-reassuring fetal status include anemia , restriction of fetal growth , maternal hypertension or cardiovascular disease, low amniotic fluid or meconium in the amniotic fluid, or a post-term ...
[2] [3] The diagnosis should be suspected if there is a sudden decrease in the baby's heart rate during labor. [4] [2] Seeing or feeling the cord confirms the diagnosis. [4] Management focuses on quick delivery, usually by cesarean section. [4] Filling the bladder or pushing up the baby by hand is recommended until this can take place. [4]
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]