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Other anti-dopaminergic drugs, like the antiemetic metoclopramide, can also result in extrapyramidal side effects. [6] Short and long-term use of antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), and norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRI) have also resulted ...
Metoclopramide is a medication used to treat nausea, vomiting, gastroparesis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. [5] It is also used to treat migraine headaches. [6] Common side effects include feeling tired, diarrhea, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia. More serious side effects include neuroleptic malignant syndrome and depression. [5]
There are few side effects related to the use of 5-HT 3 antagonists; the most common are constipation or diarrhea, headache, and dizziness. [28] Unlike antihistamines with antiemetic properties such as cyclizine, 5-HT 3 antagonists do not produce sedation, nor do they cause extrapyramidal effects, as phenothiazines (such as prochlorperazine ...
[15] [1] These drugs have fewer extrapyramidal side effects and are less likely to affect prolactin levels when compared to typical antipsychotics. [11] Amisulpride binds D 2 and D 3 [2] and is used as an antipsychotic, antidepressant and also treats bipolar disorder. [1] It treats both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. [13]
The available research seems to suggest that the concurrent prophylactic use of a neuroleptic and an antiparkinsonian drug is useless to avoid early extrapyramidal side-effects and may render the person more sensitive to tardive dyskinesia. Since 1973 the use of these drugs has been found to be associated with the development of tardive dyskinesia.
[4] [7] Other agents commonly responsible for this side-effect may also include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, metoclopramide, and reserpine, though any medication listing agitation as a side effect may trigger it. [2] [10] It may also occur upon stopping antipsychotics. [2] The underlying mechanism is believed to involve dopamine. [2]
Oculogyric crisis (OGC) is a rare sudden, paroxysmal, dystonic reaction that may manifest in response to specific drugs, particularly neuroleptics, or medical conditions, such as movement disorders.
Sedation is very common, and extrapyramidal side effects are common and include restlessness, dystonic reactions, pseudoparkinsonism, and akathisia; the extrapyramidal symptoms can affect 2% of people at low doses, whereas higher doses may affect as many as 40% of people.