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The following have been identified as risk factors for placenta previa: Previous placenta previa (recurrence rate 4–8%), [13] caesarean delivery, [14] myomectomy [10] or endometrium damage caused by D&C. [13] Women who are younger than 20 are at higher risk and women older than 35 are at increasing risk as they get older.
The continuity of maternal stress from during, to after, pregnancy is a progression of maternal-foetal stress transfer which is significant in impacting the infant's overall wellbeing. Postnatal maternal stress, such as postpartum depression , has an enormous impact on the emotion, mental and behavioural growth of a child, hence can aggravate ...
Anxiety and depression have been linked as risk factors for preterm birth. [35] [61] The use of tobacco, cocaine, and excessive alcohol during pregnancy increases the chance of preterm delivery. Tobacco is the most commonly used drug during pregnancy and contributes significantly to low birth weight delivery. [62]
Mindfulness-based stress reduction has been demonstrated to reduce anxiety and depression for people with stress-related and chronic medical conditions. [ 38 ] One pilot study shows promise for the potential of a mindfulness-based intervention to reduce negative affect and anxiety of women during pregnancy.
The placenta also produces human placental lactogen (hPL), which stimulates maternal lipolysis and fatty acid metabolism. As a result, this conserves blood glucose for use by the fetus. It can also decrease maternal tissue sensitivity to insulin, resulting in gestational diabetes.
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]
Prenatal care in the United States is a health care preventive care protocol recommended to women with the goal to provide regular check-ups that allow obstetricians-gynecologists, family medicine physicians, or midwives to detect, treat and prevent potential health problems throughout the course of pregnancy while promoting healthy lifestyles that benefit both mother and child. [1]
A nursing care plan promotes documentation and is used for reimbursement purposes such as Medicare and Medicaid. The therapeutic nursing plan is a tool and a legal document that contains priority problems or needs specific to the patient and the nursing directives linked to the problems.